Grays framework is an extension of Hofstedes societal values

Grays framework is an extension of Hofstedes societal values Culture is said to be an identifying mark of any group of persons. The impact of this identifying mark is felt in everything that is done in that environment such that it is reflected in their daily and operational activities. In explaining the impact of culture on activities, Hofstede (1980: 26) defined culture as the collective programming of mind that distinguishes the members of one group from another. This distinguishing factor belies characteristics that are distinct to that particular group and can be found in all aspects of life. One aspect that is not left out is the field of accounting, the impact of culture is felt such it is reflected in the accounting practices of particular environments and it defines the systems that guide the practices done in that environment. This results in huge differences in international accounting practices even though the definition of accounting has one aim- to provide decision useful information to users and to give evidence of stewardship. Outside the culture factor, other reasons have been put forth to explain the differences in accounting systems where they include legal, tax, financing system (Nobes, 2006), political ideology ( Ezzamel et al, 2007). However, Gray argues that cultural values can better explain the differences in accounting system and he bases his argument on Hofstedes theory. Going by his argument, if cultural values as posited by Hofstede are reflected in societal activities, then there should be an existing relationship such that a close pattern that between these societal values and the accounting systems practiced in those environments can be identified. He puts forward four significant accounting concepts/values (professionalism, uniformity, conservatism and secrecy) that he links with Hofstedes societal value constructs (individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity/femininity). In other words, the accounting values as given by Gray can be seen as a connective point betwe en Hofstedes societal values and accounting practices. In explaining these links, he put forward four hypotheses. This paper seeks to assess the validity of the accounting concepts as put forward by Gray, seeking to establish their relationships with Hofstedes societal constructs. Grays Theoretical Reasoning. It is a well known fact that the strength of a building lies in its foundation, where the foundation is faulty, then the building itself cannot be said to be strong. Applying this fact to Grays hypotheses means that the strength of his hypotheses lays on its basis which is the Hofstedian societal value constructs. Though Hofstede collected his data over the period of 1967 to 1973, giving him enough time to incorporate changes in what he terms societal values, it has undergone criticisms in research papers. These criticisms weaken in turn weaken Grays accounting values. Some of these criticisms include the fact that the Hofstedian value framework is outdated and a weak basis on which to base the accounting values framework (Jones, 2007). In addition to this, there is the issue of measurability of the societal value constructs, the equation of national states with cultures, status of the observer, cultural homogeneity and political influences ( Baskervillle, 2003; Jones, 2007) Based on the fact that Grays framework is an extension of Hofstedes societal values, it can be said that the above criticisms apply to his accounting value theory as well, weakening the validity of his theory. Patterned after Hofstedes two dimensional societal value constructs, Gray put forward two dimensional accounting concepts as both ends of a continuum. He argues that a link exists between these concepts and each of Hofstedes societal values, where Hofstedes values are -Individualism vs Collectivism, Large power distance vs Small power distance, Strong vs Weak uncertainty avoidance and Masculinity vs femininity. The fundamental issues as regards these constructs are the degree of interdependence maintained in a society, human inequalities and relationships with authority, reaction to uncertainties and role differentiation of gender respectively. As an extension of these values, Gray puts forward these accounting values-Professionalism vs statutory control, Uniformity vs Flexibil ity, Conservatism vs Optimism and Secrecy vs Transparency where the fundamental issues in these concepts are individual judgements as opposed to statutory judgements, consistency in reporting standards as opposed to optioned standards, cautious measurements as opposed to optimistic measurements and a cautious approach to disclosure respectively. Critique of Grays Hypotheses All of Grays hypotheses imply that accounting values have a stationary nature as is also implied by Hofstedes societal values and just as Hofstede used nations to equate culture, Gray used countries as a basis for comparison, thereby generalizing as country based on accounting values that can be subject to change. Baskerville (2003) notes that the use of nation states as units for comparison is wrong, stating that this has been the case in international accounting research. A further analysis of Grays hypotheses is given below to assess its validity. Hypothesis One Gray hypothesized that the higher a country ranked in terms of individualism and the lower it ranked in terms of uncertainty avoidance and power distance then the more likely it is to rank highly in terms of professionalism. Though empirical studies carried out on this hypothesis have found support for it (Salter and Niswander, 1995 and Sudarwan and Fogarty, 1996), it can be argued that this hypothesis does not hold fully, especially when cognizance is given to the constant changes that occur even in these environments with distinguishable cultural values. In addition to this, empirical studies focused on the relationship that exist between the value construct picked out by Gray, but considering that the values given by Hofstede are two dimensional, it is also possible that the relationship posited by Gray to exist between professionalism and weak uncertainty avoidance can also exist between professionalism and strong uncertainty avoidance. This argument is based on the fact that the fundamental concept of uncertainty avoidance as given by Hofstede to be reaction to uncertainties and ambiguities. Strong uncertainty avoidance societys deal with uncertainties through the established and rigid rules and it can be argued that high levels of professionalism can be found in such societies. An example is Indonesia. Though the country is among the group classed as collectivist, strong uncertainty avoidant and large power distanced, Askary (2006) finds that Indonesia tops the list for professionalism in his study of developing countries. In the case of Germany, Heidhues and Patel (2011) finds that the Grays proposed relationship between low uncertainty avoidance and high professionalism does not hold. This is because Germany is seen a medium uncertainty avoidant country but it scores high on professionalism. This means that Grays accounting values and Hofstedes societal values can hold on some countries but not in some and this limits the generalizability of hypothesis one. In addition, going by the definition of professionalism which means independent judgement, the findings of Braun and Rodriguez (2008) does not support this hypothesis. Earnings management which requires independent judgement is meant to be related to professionalism but in their study, it is related to statutory control. Hypothesis Two The higher a country ranks in terms of uncertainty avoidance and power distance and the lower it ranks in terms of individualism then the more likely it is to rank highly in terms of uniformity. Empirical studies on Grays argument for this hypothesis are mixed in that not all the purported values given by Gray can be linked to uniformity. The issue of applicability limits this hypothesis. Gray defined uniformity as a preference for uniform accounting practices and countries in the western world are said to have a preference for flexible standards according to their perceived needs. However, the strength of this hypothesis is invalidated when the accounting standards used in the developed countries are considered. Though they are classed as countries that prefer flexible standards, the countries tend to use uniform standards in the name of enhancing their comparability. In addition to this, there is the issue of global reporting standards, which the UK and the US are founding members. The desire by both countries for a uniform accounting standards via global reporting standards reflects the weakness of the Hofstede-Gray framework. In line with this argument, Roberts and Salter (1999) test the relationships on the big 6 at that time and find that uncertainty avoidance (reaction to ambiguities) is not positively related to uniformity. The strength of any given hypothesis is in the positive relationships of all variables used in forming the hypothesis. Given that one of the relationships for this hypothesis does not hold, it can be argued that there are other values which result in uniformity of accounting practices. This means that not all of the relationships as hypothesized by Gray hold. Gray states that both hypotheses are most relevant to the authority and enforcement, however, the definition of the terms limits the extent of relevance that can be established. Gray defines the accounting values as a preference and not an exact activity carried out by accountants (Baydoun and Willett, 1995; Heidhues and Patel, 2011). For example, professionalism is defined as a preference for individual professional judgement and how this preference relates to the exercise of authority is not clear. Who exercises the authority? How many authoritative sources are there? Given the fact that professionalism belies opinionated judgement, this could refer to a number of individuals. Hypothesis Three The higher a country ranks in terms of uncertainty avoidance and the lower it ranks in terms of individualism and masculinity then the more likely it is to rank highly in terms of conservatism. Empirical studies support Grays reasoning on this hypothesis (Salter and Niswander, 1995; Sudarwan and Fogarty, 1996, Doupnik and Ritcher, 2004) especially for the strong link but I would argue that the fact that a country dislikes ambiguous situations does not mean that it would be highly conservative, this is based on the fact that situations change and changing situations bring about a change in accounting methods used. This is a fact that the Grays framework does not take into consideration. In line with this argument, Arnold et al (2001) finds that an increase in uncertainty avoidance leads to an increase in materiality estimates. This supports the fact that changes in situations are incorporated into accounting activities and that a country that is highly conservative today would not nec essarily be conservative the next day. Regarding the relationship between conservatism and individualism, masculinity and uncertainty avoidance, it can be argued that these relationships are also subject to change. Going by the definition of masculinity, a high desire for quality of life can also lead to flexibility in accounting standard. Along this line of thought, Sudarwan and Fogarty (1996) found no relationship between masculinity and conservatism. This means that the accounting value of conservatism as defined by Gray limits the extent of connection that can be made between the relationships. For example, the word cautious approach can be seen to be a little muddy. Is it possible for the level of cautiousness taken by accountants to be placed on a continuum such that the varying levels can be used to seek for a matching relationship between the variables? Hypothesis Four The higher a country ranks in terms of uncertainty avoidance and power distance and the lower it ranks in terms of individualism and masculinity then the more likely it is to rank in terms of secrecy. Empirical support for this hypothesis is inconclusive; Sudarwan and Fogarty (1996) find that the relationship between uncertainty avoidance and secrecy is negative and a non significant relationship between power distance and secrecy (Salter and Niwander, 1995). This can be viewed as rendering the practicability of Grays argument as quite unfit and therefore invalidates the hypothesis. The relationships as argued by Gray is vague and can be argued to have a different meaning. Gray states that hypotheses three and four relate to measurement and disclosure. As noted in the first two hypotheses, the relationship between the conservatism and measurement or secrecy and disclosure remains unclear. Baydoun and Willett (1995) argue that the interpretation of this relationship is tenable owing to the fact that secrecy can be seen as a social characteristic and that its importance in determining accounting values is not evident. Other problems with Grays theory include measuring the terms used in the hypotheses, the fact that it applicable in some countries and not in others as well as the implied presence of other values in determining accounting practices (Baydoun and Willett, 1995; Doupnik and Tsakumis, 2004; Heidhues and Patel, 2011). Applicability of Grays Theory in the Use of IFRS Grays theory can be seen as a contribution to the literature on the harmonization of accounting and the essence of most literature in that line of research aim to help the easy adoption and increasing use of the international financial reporting standards. Furthermore, a lot of countries are adopting the international financial reporting standards (herein after referred to as IFRS) despite the differences in culture. The successful adoption and implementation of the IFRS in countries means that Grays theory of cultural influences is outdated in that culture is no longer deemed to be a barrier to international accounting systems. However, to assess the usefulness of Grays theory in assisting with the increasing use of IFRS, Spain will be used to check the applicability of Grays theory. Spain is a country whose accounting system is defined as that of a Continental European standard, this is as a result of the fact that its legal system is Roman law and that its accounting laws are embe dded in its legislation. Going by Hofstedes classification, Spain has a medium individualist culture, medium power distance, low masculinity and high uncertainty avoidance. Using Grays framework to classify their accounting systems places them as a country with more emphasis on uniformity, more emphasis on conservatism, less emphasis on professionalism and less emphasis on secrecy. Going by Grays framework, one major problem with Spains accounting systems is the preference for conservative measurements and reporting as opposed to the true and fair value methods of the IFRS. Moreover, the adoption of IFRS is meant to improve the quality of financial information, enhance comparability, and strengthen the integration and competitiveness of capital markets (Zeghal and Mhedhbi, 2006). Though the country has adopted IFRS, it has come across a few problems. Callao et al (2007) notes that the adoption of IFRS in Spain has not improved comparability of accounts, it has worsened it. They also find out relevance of financial information has not improved. This invalidates Grays theory in that the cultural differences in accounting systems as identified by his framework, though logical, it seems to have been ignored by the International Accounting Standards Board. An application of Grays hypotheses is tabulated for Spain to check its overall validity and practicability. Societal/ Accounting Values Medium Individualism Medium Power Distance Low Masculinity High Uncertainty Avoidance Strength of the Hypotheses Professionalism ns ns Pos. Weak Uniformity ns ns Pos. Weak Conservatism ns Pos Pos Semi- strong Secrecy ns ns Pos Pos Semi-strong Where ns: no relationship and pos. : positive relationship From this table, the practicability of Grays theory is not strong. Hofstedes values make room for moderating along the continuum as can be seen from Spain been a medium individualist culture. Gray did make provision for countries like Spain who fall in the middle of the continuum. Splitting Grays hypotheses into bits shows the weaknesses of his framework and implies an impracticability of the framework. This also implies that Grays theory is country specific and as noted by Heidhues and Patel (2011), the values were constructed using the US and the UK as a base. Conclusion The practicability of Grays hypotheses has been argued above; the problems have been highlighted alongside the impact of the framework for the applicability of IFRS. As noted above, there is room for improvement if the theory is to be valid. In addition to this, Heidhues and Patel (2011) note that Grays framework was accepted in the academic world without criticism and they point to the fact that this might be as a result of his being seen as one of the leading international accounting researchers. The impact of changes was not incorporated into the framework and this is very important considering that societal dynamism is constant. This alone reduces the reasonability behind Grays framework.

Making the World a Better Place with My Communications Degree Essay

Various people throughout my educational pursuit have asked me, â€Å"What can you do with a degree in Communications?† My answer is, I can do many things but mostly I want to deliver messages in order to help others. I am a networker by nature and I want to use that skill in order to help initiate positive change. In order to capitalize on my innate persuasive talents, I feel I must strive to speak to people and not at people. Anyone can talk but a true communicator can extract information and talent from others and shed a positive light on an issue or a cause. I want to be that communicator. The historical progress of communication has gone from face-to-face grunts, groans and body language, to cave paintings, to print media and now to social media whereby you can reach virtually anyone in the world. What has not changed are key points, first you must get the other party to hear your message, secondly the message must be received and interpreted and there must be a form of feedback and participation for the message to be successful. I remember my first State College Communication epiphany was realizing that to be a good communicator, you must be a good listener. Communication, particularly in the social media age is a continuous loop of realization that the sender of a message is simultaneously a receiver of message. Without this sender/receiver loop, a person is not communicating with another. When I think of communication, I look to Maslow’s hierarchy of Needs for answers. Abraham Maslow developed a model presenting human needs; starting with the most basic an d advancing to those that motivate and foster personal development. The stages are biological and physical, Safety, Belonging and love, Esteem, and lastly Self-actualizat... ...tions and 9) Interaction posture-otherwise known as the ability to respond to others in a descriptive, nonevaluative and nonjudgmental manner (Lustig & Koester, 2010). Armed with the tools I obtained at State College, I am ready to go out into this complex and exciting world to be a vessel for social change and economic development. I will assist start-up companies as well as small companies that are struggling to enter social media promotion. As a former non-profit director and volunteer, I will extend my volunteer work to include cultural competencies and strategies to promote health, prosperity and cultural tolerance. Works Cited Miller, K. (2012). Organizational communication; approaches and processes. (Sixth Ed.). Boston Lustig, M. & Koester, J. (2010). Intercultural competence: Interpersonal communication across cultures. (Sixth Ed.) Boston

George Orwells Animal Farm Essay -- George Orwell Animal Farm Essays

George Orwell's Animal Farm Mollie- Represents the rich and noble of Russia at the time (esp. the Czar and his family). Those who fled Revolutionist Russia, because they had had a better life beforehand, and were un-willing to accept change. The messages that Orwell is trying to express through Mollie are directly opposite to the actions which are displayed through Benjamin. Although they were both unwilling to accept change, their actions were very different. The message that Orwell is conveying through Mollie is that you shouldn't just quit because things get tough. Quotes- 'Mollie, the foolish, pretty white mare.' page2 'Will there still be sugar after the rebellion?' page10 'Mollie refused to learn any but the six letters that made up her own name.' page20 'In the end, however, she was found hiding in her stall with her head buried among the hay in her manger. She had taken flight as soon as the gun went off' page27 First page and a 1/4 of chapter five, page 28 Benjamin- No direct character link to the Russian revolution, but very closely linked to the members of the older generation who were suspicious of the revolution, and set in their ways. They had found that life was hard, whatever happened, and so did nothing to try and change it. Benjamin is the original stubborn mule, he is not fooled by Napoleons propaganda, or the promises that life will be better for him. He knows that life is tough, and nothing will ever change that. However, Orwell is trying to communicate that you shouldn't always say nothing, that when you really feel for a cause (e.g., Benjamin with the death of Boxer) you should always speak out. Quotes- 'Benjamin was the oldest animal on the farm, and th... ...the public, the government can control the country a lot easier. There are still examples of such extreme propaganda which have gone on in the recent past. For example, the Gulf war in the early 1990's escalated so quickly, mainly due to conflicting propaganda. The government of Iraq were telling it's public that the Europeans were on Kuwait's side, and that they were only doing it so that they could have Kuwait's oil. The Europeans didn't realise why having the land that Kuwait owned was so important to the people of Iraq. Another message conveyed by Orwell through Squealer is that everyone should have freedom of speech. By progressing the novel so that the animals eventually become slaves of the pigs, and don't have a say in their lives, Orwell is expressing his view that if only the strong get their voice heard, the weak will eventually loose out.

Teen Smoking :: essays research papers

Teen Smoking Due to peer pressure, propaganda and availability, teenage smoking has been on the rise since 1986. Three thousand children start using tobacco each day because of the negative influences aimed toward them. Our President and the American Medical Association have taken action and have urged tobacco companies to do the same against under age smoking. Despite all positive actions against it, "pack-a-day" smoking has risen thirty-three Percent in the past ten years among high school seniors. Throughout life children and adults are being persuaded to do or try something that goes against what they believe. Peer pressure is common place in grade school, where children are constantly being exposed to smoking. Cigarettes are being smoked everywhere authority is not, during school or any other place kids congregate. Kids smoke because they want to feel like they 'fit in' and they want to rebel at the same time. "U.S. News discussed the smoking issue with twenty teenagers from suburban Baltimore. Half were boys, half girls, and all were between the ages of fifteen and seventeen. Over more than four hours of conversation, it became clear that most teens smoked for two seemingly contradictory reasons: They want to be part of a peer group, while rejecting society and its norms. They want to reach out and rebel at the same time."(Roberts 38) Tobacco companies spend four billion dollars each year in advertising and promotional costs and claim there is no health risk. Six hundred thousand people die every year from smoking related illness, and others quit. Teenagers are not concerned about their health. The tobacco industry tries to appeal to the youth. The earlier kids get hooked, the more secure the companies' sales are. "For the tobacco industry, these youngsters are an essential source of new customers. While cigarette makers deny it, advertising and promotion of youthful smoking clearly helped attract the attention of teens. The rate of youthful smoking dropped steadily from 1976 until 1984, then leveled off--just as cigarette companies boosted promotional budgets."(Roberts 38) Availability of cigarettes for minors is easier than one might think. Children have access to tobacco products many ways. They could steal them from their parent or relative, and from a store. Their family might also give them cigarettes, and the child smokes them with their friends. Kids can purchase smokes from an unguarded vending machine or gas station with ease. If that does not work they can ask someone old enough to buy packs for them. Although, it is just as easy to walk into any store and ask for them. Convenience stores are constantly getting fined for the underage sale of tobacco. Teen Smoking :: essays research papers Teen Smoking Due to peer pressure, propaganda and availability, teenage smoking has been on the rise since 1986. Three thousand children start using tobacco each day because of the negative influences aimed toward them. Our President and the American Medical Association have taken action and have urged tobacco companies to do the same against under age smoking. Despite all positive actions against it, "pack-a-day" smoking has risen thirty-three Percent in the past ten years among high school seniors. Throughout life children and adults are being persuaded to do or try something that goes against what they believe. Peer pressure is common place in grade school, where children are constantly being exposed to smoking. Cigarettes are being smoked everywhere authority is not, during school or any other place kids congregate. Kids smoke because they want to feel like they 'fit in' and they want to rebel at the same time. "U.S. News discussed the smoking issue with twenty teenagers from suburban Baltimore. Half were boys, half girls, and all were between the ages of fifteen and seventeen. Over more than four hours of conversation, it became clear that most teens smoked for two seemingly contradictory reasons: They want to be part of a peer group, while rejecting society and its norms. They want to reach out and rebel at the same time."(Roberts 38) Tobacco companies spend four billion dollars each year in advertising and promotional costs and claim there is no health risk. Six hundred thousand people die every year from smoking related illness, and others quit. Teenagers are not concerned about their health. The tobacco industry tries to appeal to the youth. The earlier kids get hooked, the more secure the companies' sales are. "For the tobacco industry, these youngsters are an essential source of new customers. While cigarette makers deny it, advertising and promotion of youthful smoking clearly helped attract the attention of teens. The rate of youthful smoking dropped steadily from 1976 until 1984, then leveled off--just as cigarette companies boosted promotional budgets."(Roberts 38) Availability of cigarettes for minors is easier than one might think. Children have access to tobacco products many ways. They could steal them from their parent or relative, and from a store. Their family might also give them cigarettes, and the child smokes them with their friends. Kids can purchase smokes from an unguarded vending machine or gas station with ease. If that does not work they can ask someone old enough to buy packs for them. Although, it is just as easy to walk into any store and ask for them. Convenience stores are constantly getting fined for the underage sale of tobacco.

Living in Sin by Adrienne Rich: Of Simplicity and Brevity Essay

Poetry has turned off a lot of people Because of its confusing nature and interjection of difficult-to understand symbolisms, poems have been disregarded by many. Yet what most people do not know is that the landscape of poetry has changed tremendously in the past years. Contemporary poets have realized that their works should no longer include flowery words and deep allegories to be beautiful – that in fact, the poems that eventually become popular are those marked with simplicity and brevity and those that posses the ability to touch the readers’ hearts. If one is to get reacquainted with poetry, Adrienne Rich’s Living in Sin is a good place to start. This particular poem talks of something that is very common nowadays – domestic partnership without the grace of marriage. But the â€Å"sin† Rich referred to in the title does not point to the seemingly sinful relationship of living together but was more a tirade on how people can sometimes persuade themselves about staying in a relationship even when the ‘expectations’ on the particular relationship have not been met. Living in Sin tells how a woman has realized that living with the person she loves is not all â€Å"A plate of pears, / a piano with a Persian shawl, a cat / stalking the picturesque amusing mouse† and that there is indeed â€Å"dust upon the furniture of love†. In Living in Sin, Rich describes how a relationship is something that one needs to work at. This poem is the best one to pick up when trying to re-embrace poetry because it differs greatly from those written under the pens of 15th and 16th Century poets. Revolving around a present-day issue, Living in Sin is sure to be easily understood by new readers. Most of the people nowadays can surely relate to the fact that certain aspects of a relationship can be disillusioning. Almost anyone who enters a relationship do so armed with certain positive expectancies that are – sadly – not met as the relationship progresses. By painting images of boredom (â€Å"†¦he, with a yawn, / sounded a dozen notes upon the keyboard, / declared it out of tune†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) and disappointment (â€Å"she, jeered by the minor demons, / pulled back the sheets and made the bed and found / a towel to dust the table-top, / and let the coffee-pot boil over on the stove.†), Rich successfully communicates her message. Rich’s successful telling of her message can be attributed to her ability of steering clear from highfalutin words and hard-to-imagine imagery. In fact, Living in Sin is marked by simple words and symbolisms that are common to everyone. The language that Rich used in this particular poem is something that we all understand. These are just more reasons to actually pick up and enjoy this particular poem. Yet the good points of Living in Sin do not end there. This particular poem is also armed with only a few lines. Rich employed just 26 lines and a mere 196 words in conveying her message yet those numbers have been enough to transfer Rich’s messages to the readers. Undeniably, no other literary piece can achieve such feat but poetry. Living in Sin – and poems in general – are lovable in that one need not go through lots of word tangles to feel exactly what the author wants him/her to feel. True enough, poems of old are pretty hard to understand, talking about things that most modern-day people can no longer relate to. Yet as with everything, poets have changed and have taken to voicing out topics that are close to today’s readers’ hearts. Adrienne Rich is but one of those poets who have successfully mastered combining relatable subjects with easy-to-grasp symbols and language in her poetry. And reading one of her more popular poems, Living in Sin, will surely convince this generation that poems should be given a chance because, contrary to popular belief, they are beautiful literary pieces that are worth reading.

Music Appreciation Essay

1.What were the three forms of locate madrigals? Describe each type. Madrigal Proper, in this form, the madrigal was through-composed. It utilize quite a bit of word-painting, which is the matching of symphony to the wrangling in the text. There also is The Ballet, which is a piece in which dancers tell a story through their movements and the euphony. Lastly, there is The Ayre, with is a form of madrigal that is performed in a number of different ways, including with or without accompaniment. 2. What were chorales? wherefore were they popular? Easy to sing melodies, lots based on traditional clan songs. They were popular because the printing defend allowed for the publish of hymnbooks. 3. What is a hunt down? An instrumental ensemble consisting of six instruments flute or recorder, lute, cittern, violin or treble viola de gamba, bandore, and the sea bass viola de gamba. 4. Who was Guillaume Dufay? What contributions did he make to spiritual rebirth medicament? A Fra nco-Flemish composer who was born in Brussels, he was a prolific composer and peerless of the most influential of the fifteenth century. He wrote music in almost both musical form available at the time, including chants, motets, chorales, and Masses. 5. Who was William Byrd? What contributions did he make to conversion music? An Englishman born in 1543 was one composer who created consort music. He is sometimes considered one of the beginning(a) geniuses of the keyboard and many of his compositions were published in My Ladye Nevells tidings and Parenthia.Critical Thinking Questions1.How did music in the spiritual rebirth differ from medieval music? Medieval music refers to music pen during the Middle Ages, around the time of 500AD 1400. nigh music of this time was monothonic or homorhythmic plainchant. rebirth music refers to the halt from around 1400-1600.The involveen became different, in the sense of tone. Notable composers of this period are Orlando Gibbons, John Bull, Thomas tallith and William Byrd. 2. What were the effects of the printing press on music and composers? It allowed hymnbook to be published. and this lead the music away from borrowing music of older folks songs.3. If the Renaissance is survey to represent a rebirth or new birth, how is this reflected in the music of the Renaissance? The music was changing in cracking ways, from the medieval times. They were able to move away from borrowing music from old folk songs. 4. What was the role of music during the Renaissance? How was it used in society? The printing press also initiated the printing of music for moneymaking(prenominal) purposes. This largely began in Venice, Italy, around 1501, when Ottaviano Petrucci printed the kickoff significant collection of polyphonic music. medicament came to occupy a greater position in society during the Renaissance period. wiz reason for this was the growing number of nation who had more time for leisure activities. 5. numerou s of the songs from ancient times through the Renaissance built on the melodies of previous songs. What were the advantages for composers of employ a melody that had already been created? The advantages that populate had from borrowing melodies of previous songs were that they already had a base to their music and only had to hail up with words, if they were needed.

Reading the Sopranos

What has Carmela ever done for Feminism? Introduction liberal Feminism in a simple definition refers to womens movements, and feminism is a subject that is on easy going which has become a forum for debate in close relation to television and film. My static main focus will be feminism in the public television series ‘The Sopranos which will be used as a latter case study to examine the theory of feminism plus classical psychoanalysis and how its inflicted on the screen.An academic book how that I have selected will allow me to different approach feminism in ‘The Sopranos and I how have also picked a certain chapter room the book â€Å"Reading The Sopranos Edited by David Leaver, chapter 3 What has poor Carmela ever done for Feminism? Carmela Soprano and the Post-Feminist Dilemma. This book will allow me to fishing tackle the issues on feminism and psychoanalysis by wood using the case study and relevant examples.It is a creative portion of me deeds that must be a bit more active.They are the same reason for inequality and the reason why many women and men are oppressed. Doesnt anything ever change? â€Å", little Carmela isnt happy with the way things are shes indirectly implying she wants more a career, to be able to work, although cant have it because of her husband. Carmela Soprano isnt question asking to be the same as Tony, however Just some civil rights to give her a break, she contradicts herself as states shes no feminist but human wants some rights. Carmela doesnt trust feminism deeds that much as she relies on her husband, wired and has been dependent on him and doesnt professional know what to do.Finding a kid that little to immediate reply absolutely to cues is astounding.

Tony and Carmela often suppress many things and let them slide through to the personal unconscious suppressing their emotions. Psychoanalysis asserts that the lead to the development of adult emotional problems. (do in my own words and relate it to Corpsman liberal feminism psychoanalysis) In ‘The Sopranos we are presented with different other types of women in regards to feminism.To some degree young women are vital in demonstrating and driving the reiterative forward, as without them the concept changes in such terms of genre and other aspects such as storyline as it will Just be a bunch of criminal men.Hes currently own writing three series.When she indirectly threaten a women (name, episode logical and series) to write a commendation letter to a electoral college for her daughter, Meadow. ( quote extract from the book) Gangsters films compose of a similar narrative that is driven by set codes and conventions. Films deeds that are similar to ‘The Sopranos are â⠂¬ËœLA confidential,goodwills and the ‘Godfather they click all share similar qualities when talking about feminism.Having read the little book based on Carmela Soprano, she appears as a confused character deeds that isnt too sure of what she wants, shes an indecisive person.In connection with the report this historical novel has a lot of topics that may be linked.

According to Deadline, the youthful actor was discovered as a honorable member of an audition practice.For buying my book, as a gift, you are getting a resource list.Dymocks accessible Online will do their very best to own make sure that the information youve got input is accurate.This reflects societys form which is present in Korea.

They may adequate supply you if theyd like to insert anything.Find worn out what things to do instead." in addition, its NOT about being skinny.It was not anything I really wished to perform.

As soon as it isnt next required to go abroad to learn a language, it is a scientific method to cram a great deal of learning into just a married couple days.Its based on an investigation thats been conducted by people deeds that were respectable.It is going to be odd to vacant see a project .This was a experience that is hydragogue cathartic that is real.